The following conditions are considered to be clinical risk factors and independent clinical determinants of major peri-operative cardiac events, except:
A. History of ischaemic heart disease (angina or previous MI)Diabetes requiring insulin therapy is a risk factor/major determinant of peri-operative cardiac events. The LEE index is considered to be one of the best currently available risk prediction indexes for non-cardiac surgery. The 5 independent clinical determinants of major peri-operative cardiac events are as listed in the question options. High risk type of surgery is the sixth factor that is included in the index. All factors contribute equally and the incidence of major cardiac complications is estimated at 0.4, 0.9, 7, and 11% in patients with an index of 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 points, respectively. The ESC guidelines recommend that the LEE index model applying these six different variables for perioperative cardiac risk be used. The guidelines also use these 5 clinical risk factors to guide recommendations to initiate statin and beta-blocker therapy and to consider non-invasive testing.