Question 6#

Who among the following described hebephrenic schizophrenia?

A. Greisinger

D. Hecker described hebephrenia – characterized by adolescent onset with disorganized behaviour and incongruent affect. Hecker was a pupil of Karl Kahlbaum, and some consider that he only popularized the notion of hebephrenic schizophrenia, which was originally proposed by Kahlbaum. Sir Thomas Clouston is associated with ‘developmental insanity’. William Tuke opened the Retreat in York, promoting moral treatment and unchaining the insane. Falret and Baillarger are associated with folie circulaire (manic depression) while Greisinger developed views on tha neuropathological basis for psychiatric disorders.

Reference:

1. Johnstone EC et al., eds. Companion to Psychiatric Studies, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone, 2004, p. 3.

Question 7#

Which one of the following terms was coined by Esquirol?

A. Nymphomania

B. Monomania was described by Esquirol and it is similar to the present day concept of delusional disorder. Nymphomania was coined in 1775, by a French doctor Bienville, from Greek nymphe meaning ‘bride’. It was used to describe excessive sexual desire seen in some women. The term hypomania was coined by Mendel (1881).

References:

1. Bynum B. Monomania. Lancet 2003; 362: 1425.
2. Angst J, et al. Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. Journal of Affective Disorders 2003; 73, 133–146.

Question 8#

First-rank symptoms in schizophrenia were proposed by:

A. Kurt Schneider

A. Kurt Schneider proposed first-rank symptoms – neither diagnostic nor prognostic but only indicative of schizophrenia. Eugen Bleuler used the term schizophrenia in 1911. Carl Schneider classified many forms of formal thought disturbances; later he was closely associated with the Nazi movement in Germany, promoting ‘euthanasia’ for mentally retarded and epileptic patients.

Reference:

1. Gelder MG et al., eds. New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 568.

Question 9#

All of the following are correctly matched EXCEPT:

A. Ribot: anhedonia

D. Moreno described psychodrama, not chorea. He also introduced sociometry. Anhedonia stands for inability to obtain pleasure from activities; alexithymia is a difficulty in verbalizing emotional states; Cyclothymia, retained in ICD-10, is a minor subsyndromal form of bipolar illness described by Kahlbaum; Cameron described overinclusion as a part of formal thought disturbances.

Reference:

1. Gelder MG et al., eds. New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 1446.

Question 10#

The first antidepressants to be discovered were:

A. SSRIs

B. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors were the earliest antidepressants. They were serendipitously discovered when iproniazid, an antitubercular antibiotic, was found to have moodlifting properties. This was reported by Bloch in 1954.

Reference:

1. Gelder MG et al., eds. New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 1293.