Allergic reactions do not occur with:
Allergic reactions are relatively frequent, occurring in about 1% of all transfusions. Reactions are usually mild and consist of rash, urticaria, and flushing. In rare instances, anaphy-lactic shock develops. Allergic reactions are caused by the transfusion of antibodies from hypersensitive donors or the transfusion of antigens to which the recipient is hypersensitive. Allergic reactions can occur after the administration of any blood product but are commonly associated with FFP and platelets. Treatment and prophylaxis consists of the administration of antihistamines. In more serious cases, epinephrine or steroids may be indicated.
What is the risk of Hepatitis C and HIV-1 transmission with blood transfusion?
Transmission of hepatitis C and HIV-1 has been dramatically minimized by the introduction of better antibody and nucleic acid screening for these pathogens. The residual risk among allogeneic donations is now estimated to be less than 1 per 1 ,000,000 donations and hepatitis B approximately 1 per 300,000 donations.
What is NOT a cause of bleeding due to massive transfusion?
Massive blood transfusion is a well-known cause of thrombocytopenia. Bleeding following massive transfusion can occur due to hypothermia, dilutional coagulopathy, platelet dysfunction, fibrinolysis, or hypofibrinogenemia. Another cause of hemostatic failure related to the administration ofblood is a hemolytic transfusion reaction. The first sign of a transfusion reaction may be diffuse bleeding. The pathogenesis of this bleeding is thought to be related to the release of ADP from hemolyzed RBCs, resulting in diffuse platelet aggregation, after which the platelet clumps are removed out of the circulation.
The most common cause for a transfusion reaction is:
Although contaminated or outdated blood may cause a reaction, the most common cause is human error-blood drawn for typing from the wrong patient, blood incorrectly cross-matched in the laboratory, blood units mislabeled in the laboratory, blood administered to the wrong patient. Most blood banking programs have instituted elaborate checks and balances to minimize these errors.
Frozen plasma prepared from freshly donated blood is necessary when a patient requires
Frozen plasma is required for the transfusion of antihemophilic factor (factor VIII) or proaccelerin (factor V). The other factors are present in banked preparations.
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