Which one of the following is NOT a factor affecting the pharmacokinetics of drugs in elderly people?
A. Gut motility and acid secretion decrease with age. Elderly people have more fat relative to muscle mass, less water, and less body protein than younger adults. This leads to an increase in volume of distribution and longer half-life of administered drugs; 35% of renal function is lost by 65 years of age. Gastric pH increases (not decreases, as indicated in the question) due to loss of acidity.
References:
ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) is the first-line treatment for which one of the following?
A. All of the given options may are considered as indications for ECT. But according to the Royal College of Psychiatrists and NICE (UK), ECT as a first-line treatment of choice must be restricted to suicidal patients and those whose illness is life threatening due to refusal of food and fluids.
Reference:
ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) has been found to be useful in which of the following conditions?
E. ECT has been found to be useful in some physical conditions, including those listed in the question, as well as symptoms associated with tardive dystonia.
Which of the following is an absolute contraindication for ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)?
E. There are no absolute contraindications for ECT. All the known contraindications are relative. Any medical illness that could compromise the patient’s status under general anaesthesia is considered a relative contraindication. ECT has been reported to be safe in people with pacemakers and metal skull plates, though caution is needed. ECT is safe in pregnancy and is a preferred treatment in depressed, pregnant patients with a high risk to self or the baby.
Which of the following statements regarding memory problems associated with ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) is true?
A. Amnesia is dependent on the dose of electricity that exceeds the threshold stimulus needed to elicit a seizure in a given patient. The higher the dose, the greater the memory disturbance. It is also dependent on the electrode placement and more severe with bilateral placement than unilateral. Remote memory loss for impersonal/ public events is more common than amnesia for personal events. ECT is rarely followed by persistent anterograde amnesia.
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