Sick role includes all of the following EXCEPT:
C. Sick role, as defined by Parsons, excludes patient from taking all responsibility for becoming ill. It is perceived that illness is unavoidable and any ill person must seek help, as illness is undesirable and an attempt must be made to restore the previous state of health. Untill this happens the person is relieved of certain social responsibilities. This social perception of illness drives a person to occupy what is collectively termed as the sick role.
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Which one of the following is NOT a component of high expressed emotions?
D. Enmeshment has not been discussed as a component of expressed emotions (EE). Enmeshment stands for deranged family dynamics, characterized by blurring of normal hierarchy and intergenerational boundaries in a family. Enmeshment is linked to various child psychiatry problems, including eating disorders. EE is characterized by warmth, hostility, and critical comments and emotional over-involvement. High EE is implicated in relapse of various psychiatric illnesses, especially schizophrenia. It is also demonstrated that being on long-term antipsychotics can alleviate the relapse-provoking effect of a high EE environment to some extent. Vaughn and Leff studied EE in depth.
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High expressed emotions could be measured using which of the following instruments?
B. The Camberwell Assessment of Needs scale, also called as CAN, was developed by the Section of Community Psychiatry (PRiSM) at the Institute of Psychiatry. It is a tool for assessing the needs of people with severe and enduring mental illness, including both health and social needs. It has clinical and research versions, and also a shorter version for routine use. The Camberwell Family Interview is a different scale from CAN, and assesses the feelings and experiences of relatives with regard to a patient’s admission to hospital. In the Camberwell Family Interview, three measures of EE – criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement – are assessed.
Effects of high expressed emotions could be mitigated to some extent in which one of the following situations?
A. It has been shown that the effect of high expressed emotions on relapse of psychotic episodes is lesser if contact with family members lasts less than 35 hours a week. This dose– response relationship adds strength to the role of the family’s emotional expression on the course of schizophrenia. The degree of EE can be higher if any of the family members has mental health difficulties themselves.
Association between crime and mental illness is difficult to study. This is due to which of the following reasons?
D. It is widely acknowledged that captives may not be the ideal, representative sample of everyone who indulges in criminal activity. Captives may be a special population with lower than normal skills to escape or avoid a sentence or arrest. Often the IQ of captured criminals may be lower than the IQ of non-captured criminals, on average. So studying captives for the rate of mental illness or effect on crime secondary to treating mental illness could not be generalized to wider social criminalities. Most criminals are mentally sound. Crime is under-reported rather over reported, on the whole.
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