While undergoing couples therapy, each partner agrees a way of rewarding the other when the desired behaviour is carried out. This is called:
E. Reciprocity negotiation, role reversal, and sculpting are terms associated with couples therapy. In reciprocity negotiation, mutual rewarding of desirable behaviours through expression of affection or approval is carried out. This is often a primary component in couples therapy. In role reversal, mutual exchange of viewpoints takes place in a role-play setting. This helps in understanding each other’s differing points of view of an issue. This technique is also used in psychodrama and group therapy. Sculpting refers to silent enactment of positions that express an aspect of relationship without verbal exchanges. Socratic questioning and guided discovery are terms associated with cognitive therapy.
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The id impulses are counterbalanced by defence mechanisms mediated by ego. When id retaliates against the moral imposed by superego, which of the following results?
D. In simple terms, repetition compulsion refers to a person’s tendency to repeat past traumatic behaviours. In psychoanalysis, ego defences are considered to rein over id impulses. When this defence is superseded, conflict arises leading to anxiety and various defences invoked in response. The ego mediates between timely release of id impulses and morals imposed by the superego. At times, the direct control of superego is thwarted and id impulses repetitively present, that is repetition compulsion which is a form of acting out.
A 45-year-old depressed man becomes clingy and tearful when his wife visits him. He adapts a fetal posture and sleeps on her lap.
Which of the following is being exhibited?
D. Regression refers to moving back on one’s developmental behaviours at times of crisis, as exemplified in the question. Repression is the shifting of conscious conflicts to the unconscious, leading to reduced anxiety. Sadism is purposeful inflicting of pain on oneself.
According to psychoanalytic theories of anxiety which of the following anxieties is the most primitive in development?
A. Disintegration anxiety precedes other types of anxiety discussed in the question. According to Klein, soon after birth and thereafter the child experiences an intense fear of fragmentation, called disintegration anxiety by later theorists. This is sequentially followed by persecutory fear (against the mother) and, later, separation anxiety. Castration anxiety is seen in the oedipal stage. Superego anxiety is the anxiety arising out of choices one has to make between instinctual drives and social morals. This is a mature type of anxiety that develops late in a child.
Which of the following applies to Jungian modification of psychoanalysis?
A. Jung was widely expected to succeed Freud as the leader of psychoanalysis, but Jung distanced himself from Freud on the account of Freud’s ideas on infantile sexuality. Jung founded analytical psychology and expanded on ‘unconscious’ to include ‘collective unconscious’. Jungian psychotherapy is a classical psychoanalytic therapy in the broad sense but Jung introduced active imagination or fantasy as a mode of therapy. He emphasized having holidays from analysis to reflect and think. He encouraged art therapy too. He stressed the concept of individuation. Thanatos is not a predominant Jungian concept and it is not an objects relation therapy.
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