Metacognitive abilities are proposed to be functions of the frontal lobe.
Metacognition refers to:
B. Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products of such processes. Metacognition is predominantly a function of prefrontal cortex. Prefrontal damage leads to overestimation of abilities,lack of awareness of deficits, and inability to use feedback to change behaviour.
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The ‘n-back test’ consists of making a response in accordance with a visual or auditory stimulus presented ‘n’ items before the currently displayed stimulus. This test is widely employed in neuroimaging paradigms primarily to enable engagement of which of the following brain areas?
A. ‘N back’ test is a popular experimental paradigms for functional neuroimaging studies of working memory. In this test subjects are asked to monitor a series of verbal or non-verbal stimuli and to indicate when the currently presented stimulus is the same as the one presented n trials previously. Using quantitative meta-analysis technique of normative functional imaging studies, a broadly consistent activation of frontal and parietal cortical regions by various versions of the n-back working memory paradigm has been demonstrated.
Which of the following toxins has been used to simulate a model of Parkinson’s disease?
B. MPTP occurred as an impurity when illicit synthesis of opioids was attempted by a chemistry graduate student. He developed acute parkinsonian disease. Following detailed investigations, animal models of Parkinson’s disease have been developed using MPTP as a neurotoxin. VMA is a metabolite of epinephrine; 5HIAA is a metabolite of serotonin. MDMA is the chemical name for ecstasy. Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic that stimulates sigma receptors in brain. It is being increasingly used as a street drug.
How many layers are present in the laminar structure of the human cerebral cortex?
D. Human neocortex consists of a six-layered laminar structure. This cytoarchitectural division has been largely adapted from Brodmann’s pioneering work. These six layers are numbered from the top, that is the pial surface to the underlying white matter. In order, these are:
The layers vary mostly in the size and density of pyramidal and stellate cells.
Which of the following nuclei of the thalamus is primarily involved in the relay of information for visual processing?
E. Lateral geniculate nucleus is the junction where axons of retinal ganglion cells terminate after passing through uninterrupted via the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract. The medial geniculate body is involved in auditory processing.
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