The prevalence of bullying is estimated to be around:
E. A large survey in United Kingdom reported that 10% of pupils at a secondary school had been bullied during one term, with 2–8% (average 4%) reporting being bullied at least once a week. The commonest type of bullying is general name calling, followed by being hit, threatened, or having rumours spread about one. Bullying is more prevalent among boys; 30% of children do not tell anyone that they are bullied. This percentage is higher for boys and older children.
References:
Which of the following attachment pattern is the best predictor of future development of conduct problems?
A. Various aetiological contributors for conduct disorders include family stressors, parental discipline, child characteristics such as temperament or neurobiological problems and attachment relationships. Attachment behaviours include those infant behaviours that are activated by stress and that have as a goal the reduction of arousal and reinstatement of a sense of security. Such reinstatement is usually best achieved in infancy by close physical contact with a familiar caregiver. In addition to Ainsworth’s initial description of secure, ambivalent and avoidant attachment patterns, Main and Solomon described a fourth infant attachment category called disorganized type. As many as 10 - 15% of children in some samples show disorganized type of attachment. Such disorganized attachment pattern presents with high levels of aggression, more externalizing and controlling behaviour in middle childhood. This is strongly related to aggressive disorders such as conduct disorder in childhood.
Reference:
Ainsworth’s strange situation procedure is usually used to study patterns of attachment in which of the following the age groups?
B. Strange Situations procedure was initially employed by Mary Ainsworth to study attachment behaviours in children between ages 12 to 18 months. The experiment takes place in a room with a one-way mirror and attractive toys. The expected behaviour includes running around, clinging and reunion; so the children need to be somewhat mobile between ages 12 and 18 months.
Blood levels of which of the following substances has been adversely associated with IQ of a child?
B. Lead is established to have neurotoxic effects on growing brain; blood lead concentrations above 10 μg per decilitre (0.483 μmol per litre) are associated with adverse intellectual functioning and social–behavioural conduct. A blood lead concentration of 10 μg per decilitre or higher is designated as a ‘level of concern’ by the World Health Organization. It is estimated that a loss of 7.4 IQ points takes place with a lifetime average blood lead concentration of up to 10 μg per decilitre.
The multiaxial system of classification for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in ICD-10 consists of:
D. Multiaxial classification is very useful for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders due to the inherent complexity of information required in diagnosis and treatment. In the absence of a multiaxial system, certain conditions may easily get overlooked, such as the developmental learning disorders in a child with conduct problems. But the placement of certain disorders within a multiaxial framework may be problematic especially when the disorders have no specific aetiology and spans across multiple axes used in the classification. ICD-10 recommends six axes for diagnosing mental health problems in children. These include:
In contrast DSM-IV has fi ve axes in total, as psychiatric symptoms and developmental disorders come under axis 1.
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