Which of the following factors would suggest that a patient has pre-renal uraemia rather than established acute tubular necrosis?
Correct Answer B: ATN or prerenal uraemia? In prerenal uraemia think of the kidneys holding on to sodium to preserve volume.
Acute renal failure: acute tubular necrosis vs. Prerenal uraemia:
Prerenal uraemia - kidneys hold on to sodium to preserve volume:
*Fractional sodium excretion = (urine sodium/plasma sodium) / (urine creatinine/plasma creatinine) x 100
**Fractional urea excretion = (urine urea /blood urea ) / (urine creatinine/plasma creatinine) x 100
A 63-year-old man is admitted with severe right sided loin pain to the Emergency Department. A urine dipstick shows blood +++, leucocytes +, protein +. An abdominal radiograph is therefore ordered which shows a staghorn calculus in the right renal pelvis.
What are stag-horn calculi normally composed of?
Correct Answer B:
Stag-horn calculi:
Renal stones: imaging:
The table below summarizes the appearance of different types of renal stone on x-ray:
*Stag-horn calculi involve the renal pelvis and extend into at least 2 calyces. They develop in alkaline urine and are composed of struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate, triple phosphate). Ureaplasma urealyticum and Proteus infections predispose to their formation.
Which one of the following is the most common type of SLE associated renal disease?
Correct Answer C: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is the most common and severe form of renal disease in SLE patients.
SLE: renal complications:
WHO classification:
Class IV (diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis) is the most common and severe form.
Management:
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