An example of tertiary prevention is:
Correct Answer C:
Primary Prevention is trying to prevent a problem before it shows any signs of appearing. Goal is to remove risk factors.
Examples: In people with no signs of heart disease, educating them on exercise and diet, and urging them not to smoke. Giving immunizations to kids so that they don’t get the diseases.
Secondary Prevention is dealing with the early signs of a potential problem. Designed for early detection and treatment.
Examples: Intervening with people who have high blood pressure, through medication or other methods. Screening higher risk patients with tests (eg cholesterol levels for obese patients, colonoscopy for those with positive family history of colon cancer).
Tertiary Prevention: is treating people who have the full, actual illness.
Examples: Performing heart surgery on people with advanced disease. Giving rehab to someone who has had a stroke or been in an accident.
Lung cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.
With respect to lung cancer, which one of the following measures would be described as tertiary prevention?
Correct Answer B:
Examples: Intervening with people who have high blood pressure (an early condition that might lead to heart disease), through medication or other methods. Screening higher risk patients with tests (eg cholesterol levels for obese patients, colonoscopy for those with positive family history of colon cancer).
The relation between asbestosis and smoking in the cause of lung cancer is known as:
It is not uncommon for the effect of two risk factors for a disease to be greater than the effect of each individually, or the sum of the individual effects. The presence of one risk factor enhances the effects of the second. This is called a synergistic effect or synergy, and the risk factors are sometimes described as showing synergism. The mathematical equation to represent synergism is 1+1=3.
A 55-year-old male with a 5-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to your office for follow-up. He has lost 9 kg (20 lb) in the past year and reports good control of his glucose levels. His examination is unremarkable, and his blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Laboratory results reveal a normal CBC and blood chemistry, and his urine is negative for microalbumin. His hemoglobin A1c is 6.5%, while a lipid profile reveals an HDL level of 2.3mmol/L, an LDL level of 5.4mmol/L, and a triglyceride level of 8.2mmol/L.
This patient’s risk of sudden death, myocardial infarction, and stroke can be decreased by adding:
Correct Answer E:
The Heart Protection Study demonstrated a significant decrease in the rates of major vascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and death) when simvastatin was added to the medical regimen of individuals at high risk. Benefits for those with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, or diabetes mellitus, and for males older than 65 with hypertension, were significant regardless of lipid levels.
A restaurant owner is worried about an outbreak of Salmonella in the community.
What is the best preventive measure she can take to avoid a similar incident in her customers?
Salmonella, primarily produces gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and focal infection. Symptoms may be diarrhea, high fever with prostration, or those of focal infection.
Human disease occurs by direct and indirect contact with numerous species of infected animals, the foodstuffs derived from them, and their excreta. Infected meat, poultry, raw milk, eggs, and egg products are common sources of Salmonella. Other reported sources include infected pet turtles and reptiles, carmine red dye, and contaminated marijuana.
Drinking water should be purified, sewage should be disposed of effectively, milk should be pasteurized, chronic carriers should avoid handling food, and adequate patient isolation precautions should be implemented. Special attention to enteric precautions is important. Wash hands, kitchen work surfaces, and utensils with soap and water immediately after they have been in contact with raw meat or poultry. Cook poultry, ground beef, and eggs thoroughly. Do not eat or drink foods containing raw eggs, or raw (unpasteurized) milk.
Diagnosis is by cultures of blood, stool, or site specimens. Treatment, when indicated, is with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole or ciprofloxacin.
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