Which one of the following studies estimated the differences in incidence of psychosis in different ethnic groups in the UK?
D. AESOP (Aetiology and Ethnicity study of Schizophrenia and other Psychoses) was a UK-based study on the incidence of psychosis in three major cities—London, Nottingham, and Bristol. AESOP explored ethnicity differences in the incidence of psychosis in these cities and found that all psychoses were more common in the black and minority ethnic group, with an incidence rate ratio of 3.6. When adjusted statistically for confounding factors, this reduced to an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 2.9. It was also noted that the incidence of all psychoses was higher in south-east London than Bristol or Nottingham. The UK700 study explored the differences in outcome between various types of service delivery, that is community teams and assertive outreach models. The PRISM psychosis study analysed the effect of setting up community treatment teams on various outcomes and satisfaction measures for service users.
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According to epidemiological studies on the elderly population, the prevalence of mental disorders is estimated to be around:
E. Lifespan surveys across elderly population are limited. The H70 study refers to a meticulous, large–scale, longitudinal data collection from individuals over age 70 (born 1901– 1902, observations started in 1971) in Sweden. It included detailed examinations of aging and age-related somatic and psychiatric disorders, such as physical examinations performed by geriatricians, electrocardiograms, chest X-rays, a battery of blood tests, nutritional factors, anthropometric measurements, psychosocial background factors, and psychometric tests performed by psychologists. It has provided a rich source of data on elderly populations in Europe. The psychiatric data available from the H70 show that approximately 30% of those older than 75 years have mental disorders of some form.
Which of the following lifespan studies is secondary research of pooled data from epidemiological studies estimating the burden of psychopathology in an elderly population?
C. EURO-DEP is a European consortium to study the epidemiology of depression in later life. This utilizes a secondary research method wherein existing datasets on epidemiology in late-life depression are pooled and a new instrument, called EURO-D, to diagnose depression using the various heterogeneous scales from these studies has been devised. The EURO-D scale was developed from 12 items of the Geriatric Mental State and validated against other scales and expert diagnosis. Meta-analysis of nearly 14 000 subjects interviewed in various studies using the Geriatric Mental State, yielded a mean level of depression of 12.3%; the prevalence in women was 14.1% and men 8.6%. DEPRES (Depression Research in European Society) is the first large, pan-European survey of depression in the community. It is not secondary research. The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS) is a prospective study of the prevalence, incidence, and course of psychiatric disorders in a sample of Dutch adults aged 18 to 64.
With regard to psychiatric epidemiological studies of postpartum women, which of the following is false?
E. Postpartum depression has no specific causal factors. Though numerous risk factors, such as social isolation and adverse life events, are associated with the incidence of postnatal depression, none of these factors are specific enough to differentiate postnatal depression from depression occurring during other phases of a woman’s life. Depression is common in peri menopausal, peri pubertal, and child-rearing or pregnant women. Postpartum depression is essentially same disease as major depression occurring at other times, with respect to its classificatory status. Postpartum depression is not a continuum of postpartum psychosis, which is more closely associated with bipolar illness. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a self rated scale with 10 items. It is a screening tool for detecting depression in mothers. Postpartum psychosis occurs following around 1 per 1000 live births. The recurrence rate of postpartum psychosis is about 1 in 4 subsequent pregnancies.
Considering the epidemiology of suicide in mental health-service users, in which of the following age groups are suicide rates higher in women than men?
E. Suicide rates in male mental health-service users are always higher than female service users irrespective of the age group. The male: female suicide rate is around 3: 1. The gender difference is most pronounced at age 25 to 34, where nearly 80% are males. The divide is less steep in those more than 75 years of age where nearly 60% are males.
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